1276 – John XXI [Peter Juliani] elected Pope, only Portuguese Pope
1449 – Battle of Tumu Fortress – Mongolians capture the Chinese Emperor Yingzong of Ming
1915 – Association of Negro Life and History founded in the US (now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History)
1948 – British De Havilland DH108-fighter flies faster than sound
1960 – Nationwide release (US) of Alfred Hitchcock’s “Psycho” starring Anthony Perkins and Janet Leigh
1960 – German 4 x 100m relay team equal world record 39.5 to win the gold medal at the Rome Olympics; Bernd Cullmann, Armin Hary, Walter Mahlendorf and Martin Lauer
1966 – The Severn Bridge between England and Wales is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II
1975 – Guinee-Bissau declares independence from Portugal
1986 – Westinghouse sells background music company Muzak to the Fields Company of Chicago
1999 – “American Beauty”, directed by Sam Mendes and starring Kevin Spacey, Annette Bening, and Thora Birch, premieres in Los Angeles (Best Picture 2000)